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Stationary-wave integrated Fourier transform spectrometry
Stationary-wave integrated Fourier transform spectrometry (SWIFTS) is an analytical technique used for measuring the distribution of light across an optical spectrum. SWIFTS technology is based on a near-field Lippmann architecture. An optical signal is injected into a waveguide ended by a mirror (true Lippman configuration). The input signal interferes with the reflected signal creating a stationary wave. In a counterpropagative architecture, the two optical signals are injected at the opposite ends of the waveguide. The evanescent waves propagating within the waveguide are then sampled thanks to optical probes. This results in an interferogram. A mathematical function known as a Lippmann transform, similar to a Fourier transform, is later used to give the spectrum of the light.
== History ==
In 1891, at the Academie des Sciences in Paris, Gabriel Lippmann presented a colour photograph of the Sun’s spectrum obtained with his new photographic plate.〔G. Lippmann: Compte Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (Paris) 112 (1891), 274〕 Later, in 1894, he published an article on how his plate was able to record colour information in the depth of photographic grainless gelatin and how the same plate after processing could restore the original colour image merely through light reflection.〔G. Lippmann: Compte Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (Paris) (1894) 92〕 He was thus the inventor of true interferential colour photography. He received the Nobel Prize in 1908 for this breakthrough.
Unfortunately, this principle was too complex to use. The method was abandoned a few years after its discovery. One aspect of the Lippmann concept that was ignored at that time relates to spectroscopic applications. Early in 1933, Ives proposed to use a photoelectric device to probe stationary waves to make spectrometric measurements.〔Ives, H.E., Standing light waves, repetition of an experiment by Wiener, using a photoelectric probe surface , JOSA., 23, 73–83 (1933)〕 In 1995, P. Connes〔Connes, P., Le Coarer, E., 3-D Spectroscopy: The Historical and Logical viewpoint IAU Colloquium N 149, Marseille, 22–25 Mars, 38–49 (1994)〕 proposed to use the emerging new technology of detectors for three-dimensional Lippmann-based spectrometry. Following this, a first realization of a very compact spectrometer based on a micro-opto-electromechanical system (MOEMS) was reported by Knipp et al. in 2005,〔D. Knipp, « Spectrometers shrink down », Nature Photonics (2007), 1, 8, 444–445〕 but it had a very limited spectral resolution.
In 2004, two French researchers, Etienne Le Coarer from Joseph Fourier University and Pierre Benech from INP Grenoble, coupled sensing elements to the evanescent part of stationary waves within a single-mode waveguide. In 2007, those two researchers reported a near-field method to probe the interferogram within a waveguide.〔le Coarer, E., Blaize, S., Benech, P., Stefanon, I., Morand, A., Le Rondel, G., Leblond, G., Kern, P., Fedeli, J.-M., Royer, P., “Wavelength-scale stationary-wave integrated Fourier transform Spectrometry”, Nature Photonics (2007), 1, 8, 473 – 478〕 The first SWIFTS-based spectrometers appeared in 2011 based on a SWIFTS linear configuration.
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